Studies in radiation protection are conducted to plan and optimize (ALARA) future interventions using cutting-edge Monte Carlo techniques and tools, exemplified by FLUKA, ActiWiz, SESAME, and the FCC method. This paper offers an overview of the conducted studies aimed at estimating the residual radiation field in experimental installations, considering activation levels relative to Swiss clearance limits/specific activity. Preliminary observations concerning the potential upgrade/decommissioning of vital equipment are discussed.

The European BSS of 1996 flagged the issue of aircrew exposure to cosmic radiation, requiring airlines to assess crew radiation levels and disclose the related health hazards to their employees. Belgian regulations, established in 2001, have been updated to incorporate the 2013/59/Euratom directive's transposition. The largest contribution to the collective radiation dose of all occupationally exposed workers in Belgium stems from aircrew personnel, as per dosimetry data. To ascertain the scope of cosmic radiation exposure information provided to Belgian aircrew, the Belgian radiation protection authority, FANC, initiated a comprehensive survey in 2019, partnering with the Belgian Cockpit Association (BeCA), the professional organization representing Belgian airline pilots. The survey contained 8 questions examining aircrew comprehension of cosmic radiation in general, their individual dose levels, and pregnancy-related risks of exposure. A total of about four hundred survey responses were received. A key finding of the survey is the lack of adequate information concerning potential risks, personal exposure, and, crucially for pregnant women, the hazards to the unborn. 66% of respondents stated that their employers had not provided any information about cosmic radiation exposure. However, the majority are aware of this occurrence, either from their own research or through dialogues with colleagues and professional organizations. The data revealed that 17 percent of pregnant female flight personnel persisted with their flying roles. The survey's ultimate purpose was to reveal the points of convergence and divergence between different categories of workers, especially between cockpit personnel and cabin staff, men and women. Pathologic complete remission Cockpit crew possessed a significantly greater awareness of their individual exposure than the cabin crew.

Non-expert use of laser and non-laser optical radiation sources, whether high-power or low-power, for aesthetic or entertainment purposes, prompts safety concerns. The Greek Atomic Energy Commission used the ISO 31000:2018 risk management framework to address public exposure in these cases. Light sources, such as lasers and intense pulsed light, are assessed as intolerable risk in aesthetic procedures. Laser shows using lasers are a severe risk factor. Conversely, LEDs in aesthetic procedures, home use, and laser/LED projectors have a moderate risk. Enhancements in operator training, public awareness programs, market surveillance, and regulatory frameworks are proposed risk mitigation measures prioritized based on their effectiveness in reducing exposure risk and the urgency of their implementation. The Greek Atomic Energy Commission developed public awareness initiatives about laser and non-laser light source safety, focusing on aesthetic procedures and laser pointer usage.

Varian Halcyon (HA) linear accelerators (LINAC) mandate kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography (CT) scanning for every patient prior to each treatment fraction. Various available protocols' dose indices are compared in this study, employing diverse calculation and measurement methods. The CT dose index (CTDI) in milligray units (mGy) serves as a gauge for radiation output from a CT scanner. Imaging protocols for HA and TrueBeam LINACs were evaluated by measuring dose index in free air and inside a standard CTDI phantom, using a pencil ionization chamber. Our analysis of point measurements demonstrated considerable discrepancies between displayed and calculated low CTDI values, exhibiting 266% deviation for Head low-dose and 271% for Breast protocol. In every protocol and measurement configuration examined, the calculated values were uniformly larger than their displayed counterparts. Similar to the international literature's findings, point measurements exhibited comparable results, displaying the measured CTDIs.

The relationship between the lead equivalent and lens area of radiation-protective eyewear and lens exposure control was explored. Employing 10 minutes of X-ray fluoroscopy, a simulated patient was examined, and the lens dose of the simulated surgeon wearing radiation protection glasses was measured by lens dosemeters attached to the corner of the eye and the surface of the eyeball. Measurements were conducted on a selection of ten distinct radiation shielding glasses. The correlation between equivalent dose in the lens of the eye, lead equivalence, and lens area underwent analysis. Apatinib purchase The lens of the eye, specifically the portion at the corner, showed an inverse correlation between the equivalent dose and the lens's overall area. The equivalent dose in the eye's lens and the entire eyeball exhibited a strong negative association with lead equivalence. Dosemeters fitted to the corner of the eye can potentially lead to overestimations of the equivalent dose to the eye's lens. In addition, the lens's exposure reduction was considerably influenced by the lead equivalent's presence.

Mammography, a key tool for the early diagnosis of breast cancer, nevertheless presents the risk of radiation exposure. Thus far, mammography dosimetry has been predicated on the average glandular dose; yet, a precise evaluation of the breast's specific exposure has remained elusive. Employing both radiochromic films and mammographic phantoms, we measured depth doses and dose distributions. These measurements then facilitated a three-dimensional intra-mammary dose assessment. graft infection The surface absorbed dose was notably greater on the chest wall and significantly lower near the nipple. A pronounced exponential decline was observed in the absorbed doses as a function of depth. The surface glandular tissue may be subjected to irradiation with an absorbed dose of 70 mGy or greater. Due to the potential placement of LD-V1 within the phantom, a three-dimensional evaluation of the absorbed dose within the breast became feasible.

PyMCGPU-IR's innovation lies in its occupational dose monitoring capabilities specifically for interventional radiology procedures. The Radiation Dose Structured Report from the procedure contains radiation data that is assimilated with the position of the monitored worker, as captured by a 3D camera system. Organ doses, including Hp(10) and Hp(007), and the effective dose are assessed using this information, processed by the fast Monte Carlo radiation transport code MCGPU-IR. This study compares Hp(10) measurements taken by the lead operator during an endovascular aortic aneurysm repair and a coronary angiography, employing a suspended ceiling shield, with the results from PyMCGPU-IR calculations. A comparison of the two reported cases reveals a difference of 15% or less, a result deemed remarkably satisfactory. PyMCGPU-IR's potential is evident in the study, yet substantial enhancements are necessary before clinical adoption.

CR-39 detectors are easily utilized for measuring radon activity concentration in air, demonstrating nearly linear response characteristics within the medium-low exposure regime. Nevertheless, when exposure readings reach extreme levels, saturation becomes apparent, requiring corrections, albeit these corrections may not consistently be highly precise or easy to implement. Hence, a basic alternative method for ascertaining the appropriate response curve for CR-39 detectors, from very low to exceptionally high radon exposures, is displayed. A range of certified measurements was performed in a radon chamber at differing exposure levels to evaluate its robustness and potential application in varied settings. Two various types of commercially available radon analysis systems were, in fact, used.

A survey of indoor radon concentrations was conducted in 230 public schools across four Bulgarian districts from November/December 2019 to May/June 2020. The passive track detectors of the Radosys system were employed to acquire measurements in 2427 rooms situated on the basement, ground floor, and first floor. Calculated values for the estimated arithmetic and geometric means, including their respective standard deviations, were 153 Bq/m3, 154 Bq/m3, and 114 Bq/m3; the geometric standard deviation (GSD) was 208. Dwelling radon results show a higher concentration compared to the National Radon Survey's reported figures. In a considerable 94% of the rooms, radon levels were measured above the standard 300 Bq/m3. Significant differences were observed in indoor radon concentrations across the various districts, clearly demonstrating its spatial variability. It was established that the energy efficiency measures being applied led to a rise in indoor radon levels within structures, validating the initial hypothesis. Radon measurements within school buildings, as shown by surveys, are essential for managing and lessening children's exposure to radon.

The automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) feature in computed tomography (CT) scanners is instrumental in decreasing the radiation dose received by the patient during a scan. To execute the ATCM quality control (QC) test, a phantom is necessary to measure the CT system's responsiveness to variations in tube current as the object's size changes. Pursuant to Brazilian and international quality assurance recommendations, a dedicated phantom for the ATCM test was developed. The phantom was constituted of high-density polyethylene, in a cylindrical form, with the option of three varied sizes. To confirm this phantom's applicability, we conducted testing across two diverse CT scanner brands: Toshiba and Philips. A discrete change in phantom size showed a direct correlation to changes in tube current, thereby confirming the CT system's capability to modify current when discrete attenuation shifts occurred.